X-Bar Theory Of Psg Essays - Grammar, Noam Chomsky,

X-Bar Theory Of Psg X-bar syntax, as a theory of phrase structure grammar, makes a significant contribution to both the descriptive and the explanatory adequacy of Linguistic Theory. The aim of a theory of language is to describe a speakers linguistic competence. (Class notes) In order for a grammar to be satisfactory it must satisfy two main conditions: descriptive adequacy and explanatory adequacy. A grammar that satisfies descriptive adequacy describes the grammatical sentences of a language in such a way as to uncover deeper principles and rules, which capture in a more satisfactory way the intuitions of the native speaker. A grammar which is formulated in accordance with the principles and conventions of a general i.e., universal linguistic theory with explanatory power is said to meet with explanatory adequacy. (Class notes) During the first half of the term, we were introduced to a theory of phrase structure grammar (PSG) which includes two levels of categories: word-level (N, V, A, P, etc.) and phrase-level (NP, AP, VP, PP, etc.). However, this is not a satisfactory method of classification because it does not include a description for a string of words that is neither a full phrase nor a word; therefore failing to satisfy descriptive adequacy. Furthermore, it does not satisfy the condition of explanatory adequacy because it does not enable us to state general principles that are valid across different grammatical categories within a language, i.e. category neutral. Moreover, a grammar with two levels of categories is not powerful enough to state principles that hold true universally. In this essay, I will demonstrate how the X-bar theory of phrase structure grammar contributes significantly to both the descriptive adequacy and explanatory adequacy of Linguistic Theory using examples from English and o ther languages. Let us first examine why it is necessary to add a third intermediate grammatical category which is neither a full phrase nor a word. Evidence for this is found in the following phrase: the sultan of Brunei. Firstly, we can prove that this phrase is a constituent by performing the following tests: 1) coordination the sultan of Brunei and ruler of the empire. 2) Substituting the proform one This sultan of Brunei is more handsome than the last one. Both of these tests prove that the constituent is sultan of Brunei and that it is smaller than a full phrase because in coordination and in substituting the proform one, the Determiner the is not included. In other words, it is not correct to substitute the proform one and have, *This sultan of Brunei is more handsome than the last this sultan of Brunei. (Class notes) Thus we see the need for an intermediate category. The best way of representing this category is by using bar notation, i.e. N, N, and N. The reason for this is that it captur es the commonality in the categorial status by the use of the same category symbol and captures the difference in complexity between categories by the number of bars that accompany the symbol. (Class notes) This is an example of how X-bar theory of grammar is able to capture descriptive adequacy more sufficiently than a two-category level PSG. Another advantage of X-bar theory is that it enables us to capture formally a distinction between complements and adjuncts. (Class notes) This is advantageous because it can account for certain ambiguities. For example, in PSG there is no satisfactory way of capturing the ambiguity in the following: A teacher of high moral principles. X-bar syntax enables us to capture the ambiguity very clearly in the following way: A teacher of high moral principles vs. A teacher of high moral principles In the first tree structure, the meaning of the sentence is the teacher has teaches high moral principles. In the second one, the teacher is a person who has high moral principles. Thus, the complement is closest to the head noun, i.e. sister of the N, and the adjunct is sister of the N. Another reason for which it is advantageous to distinguish between a complement and adjunct is that this distinction enables us to account for the distributional properties of PPs in terms of their status either as complements or as adjuncts. (Class notes) Firstly, it is only possible to have

buy custom An Interview with a Business Professional essay

buy custom An Interview with a Business Professional essay Today global markets are rapidly opening up, as more and more countries are coming to realize that development has to be an essential part of the countrys economy, and for that to happen, local companies have to fight among their foreign counterparts. Thomas Freidman (2006) points this out with what appears to be unerring accuracy, and simultaneously, business ethics have become a hundredfold more relevant today than it was 20-25 years ago. The importance of business ethics is perhaps the second to the environmental safety and eco-preservation concerns. The United Arab Emirates is a nation comprising of several small nations. Though, the UAE is much more liberal than other Islamic countries. The Emirs and Royal families govern the UAE. The parliament is in the form of a National Consultative Council, which has groups of eight members looking after different portfolios. Our objective of this paper is to get an idea of the business ethics concept prevalent by the means of an interview of a NCC Senior Member. Merck, the giant German pharmaceutical company, found that in the Middle East corruption is a way of life in developing countries, and it could not do so transparently, being against company principles. Despite its name and brand, Merck found that to carry out business profitability is extremely difficult. It underwrote a center for the forum discussions on business ethics. Merck spent 3.0 million USD and set up the center, with Ethics Resource of Washington, DC also footing some cost. Merck announced officially that the center would be a sort of forum where intellectual property rights and business ethics could be discussed. Unofficially, it gave itself legitimate brilliant business strategy Mercks brilliance was not admired but criticized all over the world. Two of its major partners, Vioxx and Furasan flopped on Merck. Merck sold the intellectual property rights concept to the National Consultative Council (NCC) in its new role as a representative of an ethical minded company. Mercks role became confusing to the UAE members and they started applying pressure on Merck. As of today overall, this situation prevails. In 2002, Merck called upon the Boston College Centre to carry out a study and the final ignominy was that the DEC concept was described by the BCC as one of the most impossible business concepts of the century. The study noted that although only a couple companies had made attempts on the real organizational change, the new receptive mindset was meaningful in a country where the concept has never existed before." This is the controversy. It is true that Merck did underwrite the DECR which was CSR or Corporate Social Responsibility, and not as per the dubious stakeholders theory of business ethics, but there was no attempt to culturally align them with the local culture and the end effect was felt in companys bottom line, to the maximum extent. The Interview Interview of the Honble Member Sultan Bin Ahmed Ghanoum Al Hameli, his Excellency of the UAE NCC and Council Group leader for health affairs, work and social affairs. Interview conducted by Mr. Khalid Al Qubaisi. To avoid repetition, the transcript is given in Q (Interviewer) and A (Interviewee) Interview Transcript Q: Salaam-Wal-e-quam A: Wale quam Salaam Q: First of all, let me thank you for spending the time of your hectic schedule to be with us. A: That is nothing. You know me very well. Have I ever denied information to anyone on what we do within the group? I am always ready to pass on the information to our beloved citizens. Of course, you will realize that running a great nation like ours involves various kinds of information and news. Not everything can be revealed in the interests of the nation, but whatever can be revealed, we do reveal. We try to be transparent as much as possible. Q: But who decides what information to give and what not to give? A: I do, but not alone. I do so as guided by his royal highness as Allah, the almighty, in turn guides him. Q: Yes, indeed youre Excellency. A: Than let us start before the time for namaaj arrives. Q: Yes, Sir. We have received many letters from our viewers who are concerned about FDI inflows in the health sector. A: What is there to be concerned with? Q: Our industries are dying, Sir. A: We want everyone in our nation to be happy and in good health. We do not have the necessary knowhow, and if we start now, then by the time we finish our research, the situation will be grave. Till date, FDI in the United Arab Emirates with a population of 4 million in the health sector is 5.7 billion $. This money is coming in and is being used to build up infrastructure in our country. Our people are being employed. Tomorrow we will have the money as well as the expertise. So how is that bad? Q: Sir, the local industries have closed A: (Interrupting). Ah, the local industries. Do you know the amount of money a company spends on its RD billions! That money they spend without any guarantee of success. So, once they are successful, do you want them to run at losses? They will not do that. Are they charities? So we pay them for their initial investment. Now, if you spend 200 dinars on a business, you will expect to be favored first, am I not right? How can our companies have acquired those technologies? They have copied it. The Quran tells us that justice delayed is justice denied. Therefore, we ask our companies to suffer little losses for the greater health of the nation. What is so wrong about that? Q: But Sir, we do not have to go as per Western patents A: No, we do not have to go by their patent system, but if we allow patents to be disregarded, then ultimate chaos will prevail. Can a society run without laws? No. Similar is the case with our nation. We have to respect some laws of our Western and Asian friends. Q: But Sir, in this way, if we keep going, where will it all end? Our oil and gas reserves are not inexhaustible. A: It will end the day we have a stable economy. The day we need doesnt hire expats to look after us. Our youth have understood the situation only now. Q: So, are you saying that foreign companies should live and our companies should die? A: All I am saying is that if a person or two has to earn less money for the welfare of others, they should be prepared to do so. Qurbani (Sacrifice) is an honor meant only for those who are with Allah. I just cannot see what this noise is all about. Q: What about the banning of the drugs of Merck in the US? A: These things can happen. I think two of Merck drugs have been banned . Everyone can make mistakes. Q. Fine, your Excellency! A: Next question. Q: Sir, is it ethical or not to have a competition? People think that with their ethics story, Merck is guilty of unethical behavior by paying bribes in kind. A: False. I admit that earlier baksheesh system was there. Now it does not exist. Let other companies also come like Merck and set up here. See Ranbaxy of India. They have built the unit here. If no competitor comes, are we to blame? Q: Finally, Excellency, what is the plan regarding the Merck medicines. A: Well, we have been discussing this and my junior has written to the US FDA asking for their advice. We will also ask our brothers and if Merck is guilty of selling banned medicines to us, they will be punished. As I told you before, the time is soon coming when we wont have to depend on foreign companies. Our youth is capable. Give them some time. Q: That finishes the interview Sir. Thanks again. A: That is all right. It is my duty. Conclusion It is easily seen from the interview that the Honble Member is not that conventional in his thinking and logic. However, he has been able to define the goals clearly. The UAE has to be independent in know-how in all sectors from technology to agriculture. How can this be brought about? The member appears to think that education is a kind of input-output machine. The countrys youth can be put into at one end of this hypothetical machine and competent know-how will emerge from the other side. Planning is the weakness of his Excellency. He makes plans, but they are of no good, since they are vague. The members solutions are something like a perfect road linking two places, but with a broken bridge in the center. You can see your goal, but you can see any way to reach it. The member still indulges sub-consciously in thinking like the nomadic Bedouin. If I were him, then I would have sat down with all the members and brainstorm a foolproof plan, so the UAE need not be at the whims of the global monoliths like Merck. The two important portfolios of health and social welfare are under me. I will first make the goals and then plan how to reach these goals. Initially, they will be short term plans. I would convince my Emir to pass laws, so that the following actually takes place. Every citizen will have to pass a certain level of education at the expense of the government. Depending upon natural aptitude, students or the youth will be segregated into different groups for obtaining different knowledge types, civil engineering and economics for example. Educational institutions and vocational workshops will be built up of the highest standards, by luring away the faculty of the worlds premier organizations and universities. These institutions are necessary, because young people going for studies abroad tend to forget their country and often opt for doing constructive work in the Western countries, where the infrastructure is present. I will make this infrastructure available here itself, so that the students could find their jobs without any problems. For every expat, I will decree, so that a citizen is in constant touch with him and learns from him. I will not depend on oilgas alone, but will also encourage other vocations like forced irrigation agriculture and food processing etc. Trading should not be the main vocation of the citizens. To do all these, I will take permission from the Emir and Allah, make a plan and put it down on paper. After equal periods, there will be milestones, where we can gauge for ourselves how far we have come and check the correctness of the route. If the planning is done in such a way, then implementation has to take place, because of the milestones. Innovation and creativity will be rewarded at these milestone meetings. If this is done within three generations (if not two), we will have both the knowledge and the means to fend for ourselves. Buy custom An Interview with a Business Professional essay

How can a manager motivate a workforce and what are the major benefits Essay - 7

How can a manager motivate a workforce and what are the major benefits of this to a company Support your answer with examples - Essay Example Other managers and HR officials believe that the work environment that comprises of treating employees with respect, and providing interesting work to them plays a great role in motivating these employees. Each and every of these explanations has some relevance and some truth in it; however, one theory cannot adequately explain how to motivate employees of an organization (Loehr and Kaye, 2011). This is because people are not purely political, economic, and psychological beings. On this basis, this paper asserts that employees of an organization need material, emotional, and social benefits as motivating factors. One of the methods of motivating employees is giving them the vision of the company. The management must also provide them with the methods of achieving this mission and vision of the company. All most all serious business organizations have an outline of their vision, and they normally require employees to satisfy and fulfill these visions (Loehr and Kaye, 2011, p. 33). Take for example the vision of Barclays bank is to become a premier banking institution in Europe, offering high quality banking services, and innovative solutions (Branham and Hirschfeld, 2010). When employees of an organization are aware of the vision of a company, they will work hard to ensure that they are able to meet the organizations vision. Creating and communicating the vision of a company is a psychological motivating factor. Another method of motivating employees is giving them what they need and want. It is important for managers of an organization to check whether employees have the necessary tools, sup port and training needed for purposes of carrying out their duties. Take for example a hospital organization that has employed doctors and nurses. The organization must provide these employees with the various tools needed for carrying out their duties,

Critically evaluate the status of Offender profiling as a Essay

Critically evaluate the status of Offender profiling as a psychologically - underpinned technique - Essay Example an either be â€Å"proactive or reactive.† Investigators use reactive profiling when solving crimes that have already happened while proactive profiling involves an attempt to interdict and foil crime before it happens. Profiling provides the police investigators with a personality snapshot or typology helpful in identifying and apprehending a suspect. It assists the police with a set of unique behavioural habits and personality characteristics. Alison and Canter (1999) say that profiling almost always takes place after a crime scene has been examined. Dr. Canter’s studies related to the link between Action versus Characteristics ( A v C ) of the offender including his criminal history, background and relationships to others has become known as the ‘profiling equations’ and has given rise to criminal behaviour identification which is crucial to models of inference related to investigations. Unlike detective fiction, these inference models operate at the thematic level. To collect information and test hypothesis for inductive reasoning; is at the heart of empirical science and investigative psychology where a wide range of empirical studies aims at providing objective bases for investigative inferences. Studies related to inference are slowly beginning to provide a basis for a general theory of offender consistency. But it would be unwise to rule out the possibility, that if the offender is intelligent, he’ll often alter his M.O. (Modus Operandi or method of operation) to avoid detection as in the case of Yorkshire Ripper; who used a screwdriver in his early killings and later changed to using a ligature. To help the police generate detailed information, psychologists have developed processes and guidelines for ‘cognitive interviews’ but to measure their precise relevance and accuracy, varies between situations. Similarly, psychologists are involved in studies and procedures to help reconstruct faces from memory. They have also contributed to the

RP2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RP2 - Essay Example ed all of his living expenses for his time in Delaware, California and Michigan totaling 30 months, claiming all the expenses for food, rent and transportation were temporary living expenses while he was away from homes. Issues or tax questions: Abdul would like to claim a deduction for his temporary living expenses while he was away from home but IRS examined Abduls returns and challenged the deduction for temporary living expenses. Rationale: Temporary living expenses including travel expenses incurred during temporary work assignment or extended business trip that was intended to last for one year or less (J.k 88). Temporary living expense includes meals, local transportation and hotel accommodation or apartment rent for longer stays. Meals may be estimated using federal per diem rates. On tax return temporary living expenses are deducted as unreimbursed employee business expenses. Authority: IRS periodical 54, page 12, travel expenses are in Form 2106-EZ or Form 2106, allowable unreimbursed expenses are in the 2106-EZ Form or Form 2106 to Form 1040, Schedule A and are subject to a maximum based on 2% of calculated Gross

Management of Health and Social Care Financial Issues

Management of Health and Social Care Financial Issues Explain how financial shortfalls can be managed. If a health and social care organisation faces financial shortfalls I could handle the situation by; Cash flow: In the effectiveness management of the cash flow process we can sell some assets that are not in use so that the organisation can get some cash in order to run the business. The organisation could also take out a loan to cover the financial shortfall but this will need to be paid back with some percentage of interest which will put the organisation or care home in more debt so the organisation should be working effectively on the Controlling cost,Spreadsheet, Training, Alternative funding, Reserve fund and Prioritising expenses, etc Ladybird care home can also rise the cost of the services offered to service users and use the profit against the financial shortfall but in this case the company may lose the number of service users taking the services as they can get a lower cost service elsewhere. The organisation can also put any projects on hold for time being and use that money in the financial shortfall to cover some amount of debt, once the financial problems have been sorted then they can run the project again. Ladybird care home can cover some part of the shortfalls in alternative ways other than taking out a loan and falling into more financial shortfall in future by holding a (charity fundraising events, donation, grants from government or other companies working in partnership) with Ladybird care home. As a health and social care professional and having knowledge on financial management department I can look into the system and see where the money has gone into and analyse the shortfall and accordingly f ixing the various target areas of expenditures. We can also keep a track of the system and prevent any future financial shortfalls. 3.2 Explain the actions to be taken in the event of suspected fraud. All allegations of fraud must be investigated. Where appropriate the police must be informed. Actions must be taken where fraud is proved. The risk of fraud must be regularly reviewed as part of managers overall assessment of business risk. Steps that managers must take are; the managers role is to Identify the risk areas in the healthcare organisation and allocate responsibility for the risk. The manager has to deal with any risk that may rise and identify controls that would improve the way in which the risk is being managed, because the manager has to make sure the employees are not at any risk during working hours. The manager at the health care organisation has a duty to implement the revised controls and evaluate the effectiveness of the controls to prevent from future risk of fraud taking in place. All the staff members at workplace must report any suspect of fraud to their line manager but they must not take any actions as they may put themselves at risk. Staffs have also a role to be taking in place when a risk of fraud rises, they need to report it immediately but also should avoid putting themselves in danger. Staff must: Staff should make an immediate note of their concerns and let some know their suspicions. This person must be with the appropriate authority and should have the experience to deal with the situation. Staff must also take anonymous letters seriously. This is because a whistleblower may not want their identify to be disclosed. Staff must not: Do nothing. Be afraid of raising any concerns. Approach or accuse any individuals directly. Try to investigate the matter themselves. Convey suspicions to anyone other than those with the proper authority. Handle documentary evidence more than necessary. The next stage is audit and corporate assurance fraud team; they will carry out investigations into allegations of fraud and will provide advice and guidance to line manager on how to deal with this type of situation when raised. The audit team will make announced visits to check on the areas where there is a high risk of frau; by raising fraud awareness at team meeting, conferences and presentations. The investigation will be carried out using analysis tools to interrogate corporate data to identify indicators of possible fraud. 3.3 Evaluate budget monitoring arrangements in a health and social care organisation. In every organisations there is a way of monitoring budgets but have their own systems of arranging information to process it. In Health Care Tech PLC, the financial manager doesnt have any formal qualification in the finance sector but he has years of experience in managing care home budgets and his also good with keeping cashflow statement on a spreadsheet. NMS is a network management system, it is a set of hardware and software tool that allows IT professionals to supervise the individual components of a network within a larger network management framework. Reference   www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/offenders/psipso/pso/PSO_1310_anti_fraud_strategy.doc www.hse.ie/eng/staff/resources/hrppg/fraud_policy.pdf The role of budgets in organisations facing strategic change: an exploratory study. (Margaret A. Abernethy, Peter Brownell)

McDonalds Essay -- essays research papers

McDonald's is the world's leading food service retailer with more than 30,000 restaurants in 119 countries serving 47 million customers each day. It is one of the worlds most well-known brands and holds a leading share in the globally branded quick service restaurant segment of the informal eating-out market in every country they do business. McDonald’s marketing strategy is having friendly people serving the right product with affordable prices. McDonalds’s showcase their restaurants as clean, comfortable and welcoming, and create promotions that resonate with key consumer groups. They want to stay in tune with customer’s lifestyle. Suzanne Drolet is manager of a McDonald’s restaurant in a city with many seniors. To attract seniors to McDonalds’s Suzanne has a $1.99 breakfast special every fourth Monday. This was a resounding success. Between 100-150 seniors were attracted initially by that monthly breakfast special for people aged 55 and older. Now that many seniors come for breakfast daily and surely revenue has increased. Most are gone before the lunch crowds at 11:30, however, some stay until at 3 p.m. McDonald’s strengths are an established fast food restaurant with a friendly caring staff. Suzanne’s employees embrace that philosophy by being friendly and caring to the seniors. Another plus is the seniors are friendly and neat and someone that isn’t a regular would perceive the place as a friendly place. Further they are neater than most customers and clean up their...